[The Colonel]

Have we had demarcy yet? Specifically the pattern where being a parliamentarian is like jury duty to which you are drafted for a year (or even a specific bill)? Perhaps you have a non-voting house of experts - selected as pre-eminent in their fields - who prepare legislation, which is then voted on by the demarchs - thus giving the state both technical expertise and popular consent without developing a professional political class...

#3 has been demonstrated to a degree prior to the evolution of political parties - certainly in the English parliament there were MPs whilst "parties" were mostly defined by which club you dined at and lacked any official structure (and frankly, whilst it wasn't illegal to form an official party, you'd likely attract considerable adverse attention from whoever's job it was to stamp out conspiracies if you did...).